Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing significance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification

UHMWPE, renowned for its exceptional durability, has emerged as a cornerstone in the field of medical applications. Its remarkable biocompatibility and minimal friction coefficient contribute to UHMWPE an ideal option for a wide range of implants, prosthetics, and orthopedic devices. Additionally,

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target